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High Combined Chlorine

When "chlorine smell" means you need MORE chlorine

4,200
Monthly Searches
0.5 ppm
Problem Level
10x
Shock Multiplier
$75-200
Treatment Cost

Quick Answer

High combined chlorine (chloramines) over 0.5 ppm causes strong chlorine smell, eye irritation, and poor water quality. It forms when chlorine binds with nitrogen compounds from sweat, urine, and oils. Solution: Breakpoint chlorination - shock with 10x the combined chlorine reading (1 ppm combined = 10 ppm shock dose) using cal-hypo or liquid chlorine. Run pump 24-48 hours. Prevention: enforce pre-swim showers and maintain adequate free chlorine.

Understanding Combined Chlorine (Chloramines)

What Are Chloramines?

  • • Formed when chlorine binds with nitrogen
  • • Much weaker sanitizer than free chlorine
  • • Create the "chlorine smell" everyone hates
  • • Cause eye and skin irritation
  • • Indicate contaminated water

The Irony

  • • Strong "chlorine" smell = not enough chlorine
  • • Clean pools have little to no smell
  • • More contamination = stronger smell
  • • Solution is MORE chlorine, not less
  • • Public pools smell because they're dirty

Common Misconception: "Too much chlorine" causing smell and irritation. In reality, it's chloramines from insufficient free chlorine to oxidize contaminants. The answer is breakpoint chlorination, not reducing chlorine.

How Chloramines Form

Step 1: Nitrogen Introduction

Nitrogen enters pool through sweat, urine, saliva, body oils, cosmetics, and fertilizer runoff. Even well-behaved swimmers introduce ammonia through normal body processes.

One person produces enough ammonia in 20 minutes to create chloramine problems

Step 2: Chloramine Formation

Free chlorine reacts with ammonia to form monochloramine, dichloramine, and trichloramine. These are 25-80x weaker sanitizers than free chlorine.

Chemical formula: NH₃ + HOCl → NH₂Cl + H₂O (monochloramine)

Step 3: Breakpoint Reaction

Adding 10x more chlorine than combined chlorine level breaks chloramine bonds, converting them back to free chlorine and nitrogen gas.

Result: Smell disappears, irritation stops, water becomes comfortable again

Combined Chlorine Problem Levels

0-0.2 ppm - Ideal

Minimal chloramines, little smell, comfortable swimming. Normal maintenance level.

0.2-0.5 ppm - Noticeable

Slight chlorine smell developing, some may notice eye irritation. Consider shock treatment.

0.5-1.0 ppm - Problem

Strong chlorine smell, eye/skin irritation common. Breakpoint chlorination needed.

1.0+ ppm - Severe

Overwhelming smell, significant irritation, possible respiratory issues. Immediate treatment required.

Pool Safety Note: WHO guidelines recommend combined chlorine stay below 0.2 ppm for public pools. Many commercial pools operate at 1.0+ ppm, causing the stereotypical "pool experience" people dislike.

Breakpoint Chlorination Safety

  • Requires extremely high chlorine levels (10-30+ ppm) during treatment
  • Pool unsafe for swimming until chlorine drops below 5 ppm
  • Never swim during breakpoint chlorination process
  • Keep pets and children away from pool area
  • Ensure adequate ventilation if pool is enclosed
  • May take 24-48 hours for levels to become safe
  • Test before allowing any swimmers back in pool

How to Eliminate Chloramines (Breakpoint Chlorination)

1

Test Free and Total Chlorine

Accurate testing reveals combined chlorine levels

⚠️ Warning: Test strips can't accurately measure combined chlorine

2

Identify Chloramine Sources

Find what's creating the nitrogen compounds

⚠️ Warning: High combined chlorine indicates organic contamination

3

Check Pool Conditions

Assess overall water quality

⚠️ Warning: Chloramines make water unsafe and unpleasant

4

Calculate Breakpoint Dose

Determine shock amount needed

⚠️ Warning: This requires much more chlorine than normal shocking

5

Execute Breakpoint Chlorination

Massive chlorine dose breaks chloramine bonds

⚠️ Warning: Pool will be unsafe for swimming for 24-48 hours

6

Verify Success and Prevent Return

Confirm chloramines eliminated

⚠️ Warning: If combined chlorine remains high, repeat treatment

Breakpoint Chlorination Methods

Calcium Hypochlorite (Cal-Hypo) - Recommended

Granular shock ideal for breakpoint chlorination:

  • 65-70% available chlorine
  • Dissolves quickly and completely
  • No stabilizer added
  • Most cost-effective for large doses
  • Widely available

Dosage: 1.5 lbs per 10,000 gallons raises chlorine by ~10 ppm

Liquid Chlorine (Sodium Hypochlorite)

Professional-grade liquid chlorine:

  • 10-12.5% available chlorine
  • No mixing required
  • Even distribution
  • More expensive for large doses
  • May require large quantities

Dosage: 1 gallon per 10,000 gallons raises chlorine by ~10 ppm

What NOT to Use

Avoid These for Breakpoint:

  • Dichlor: Adds stabilizer (CYA) at massive rates
  • Trichlor tabs: Too slow and adds CYA
  • Lithium hypochlorite: Expensive and weak
  • Household bleach: Too weak and may contain additives

Chloramine Removal Costs

🔧 DIY Attempt

Estimated Cost:$75-150
Time Required:24-48 hours
Difficulty:Moderate

⚠️ Risks:

  • Incorrect dosing may not break chloramines
  • Pool unsafe for extended period
  • May need multiple treatments
  • Risk of over-chlorination damage

👷 Professional Service

Service Cost:$125-250
Completion Time:24-48 hour process

✅ Includes:

  • Accurate combined chlorine testing
  • Precise breakpoint calculation
  • Professional-grade chemicals
  • Proper application timing
  • Safety monitoring throughout
  • Verification testing

Detailed Cost Breakdown

Item/ServiceLowHigh
DPD test kit$20$35
Cal-hypo shock (10 lbs)$35$60
Liquid chlorine (5 gal)$25$40
Professional serviceComplete treatment$125$250
Total Range$205$385

💰 Value Tip: CoOpPools offers transparent pricing with no hidden fees. Our worker-owned model means fair prices and invested service.

Preventing Chloramine Formation

Prevention Tips

Prevention is far easier and cheaper than breakpoint chlorination. Focus on reducing nitrogen introduction.

1

Shower Before Swimming

Enforce pre-swim showers to remove body oils, lotions, and sweat that create chloramines. Even 30 seconds removes 90% of contaminants. Post signs and educate pool users.

Frequency: Every swim session
Homeowner Friendly
💰Saves: $300-500/year in chemicals
2

Maintain Adequate Free Chlorine

Keep 1-3 ppm free chlorine constantly to oxidize contaminants before they form chloramines. Higher levels may be needed with heavy use or hot weather.

Frequency: Daily monitoring
Homeowner Friendly
3

Regular Shock Treatments

Weekly shocking with cal-hypo breaks down organics before chloramines form. Use 1 lb per 10,000 gallons as preventive measure, especially after heavy use.

Frequency: Weekly
Some Experience Needed
💰Saves: $200/year preventing problems
4

Professional Water Management

Weekly service includes combined chlorine testing, proper shock scheduling, bather load management, and early chloramine detection before problems develop.

Frequency: Weekly service
👷Professional Recommended

🏊 Pro Tip: Regular professional maintenance prevents 90% of pool problems.Get your maintenance quote today

When to Call a Professional

Call Immediately If:

  • • Combined chlorine exceeds 1.0 ppm
  • • Multiple breakpoint attempts failed
  • • Respiratory irritation reported
  • • Commercial/public pool affected
  • • Unsure about chemical calculations

Professional Benefits:

  • • Accurate testing equipment
  • • Commercial-grade chemicals
  • • Proper safety protocols
  • • Prevention program setup
  • • Regulatory compliance

This Issue Requires Professional Service

Strong pool smell and irritation aren't normal. Our technicians safely perform breakpoint chlorination and set up prevention systems to keep your pool comfortable and healthy.

Mention "high chloramine levels" when calling for faster service

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